When I said the crystalline beam simulated in the BNL booster was a "slightly-molten liquid" like tar or molasses, I realised that probably needs a video to show what's going on.   I coloured the ions by initial horizontal position and then show the dynamics of one turn (with 36 dipole magnets) and then the first hundred+ turns.   The bunch rotates by 0.495 times for each turn, which is weird (normal beams are once per turn).   But also if you jump two turns at a time, diffusion of particles between the quadrants is visible.
<br />#accelerators #physics
<br />I think you can see some of the yellow particles at the end doing Brownian motion (in the blue area).
<p><video src='posts/202605/post-20260505-180841-a.mp4' loading='lazy' preload='metadata' controls></video></p>